Saturday, April 25, 2009

Peer reinforcement

J. Cooper, from Princeton, wrote an article on the digital divide regarding gender differences and one particular study looked at learning groups of children and whether social context mattered with gender. He says, "The answer seems to be that, for the girls, having boys present has the effect of increasing computer anxiety and decreasing learning. Light et al. (2000) had boys and girls work with a mildly competitive problem-solving game in which the players’ task was to reach a geographical location without being captured by monsters. The children worked in groups of two, either same-sex or opposite sex dyads. Light et al. (2000) found that, overall, boys performed better than girls in this game. However, in same-sex dyads, the difference in performance was small. In mixed-sex dyads, the difference was enhanced. Boys’ performance was markedly improved relative to their performance in the same-sex group, while girls’ performance showed significant decrements." (324).

I want to highlight the part about the children doing better with the same-sex groups. The girls obviously had less anxiety in a dynamic such as that and had their peer's support to do well. Even at such a young age, you can see the importance of role models and peer support for girls with computers and technology. I thought this article was a nice ending for my blog due to my overall focus on role models and I love how there was a study that touched upon the confirmation of that. So essentially go back and take Gail Farnsley's advice and form some sort of peer network. Then just be amazing!


Cooper, J. (2006). The digital divide: The special case of gender. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(5), 320-334.

Technofeminism

Judy Wajcman is an Associate Fellow of the Industrial Relations Research Unit, University of Warwick Business School and wrote a book titled Technofeminism. The book is described as "fus[ing] the visionary insights of cyberfeminism with a materialist analysis of the sexual politics of technology. Drawing on new perspectives in postmodernism, feminist theory and science and technology studies, Judy Wajcman explores the ways in which technologies are gendered both in their design and use. At the same time, she shows how our very subjectivity is shaped by the technoscientific culture of the world we inhabit." (http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/wajcman.html)

She discusses that in order for women to enter the world of technology, they have to let go of their femininity in order to be successful in a masculine world. She also states that having role models in science isn't enough to fix the problem of the lack of females entering into the science and technology fields. Now I don't know if I fully agree with either of these statements. I definitely don't believe you have to let go of your feminine side to be successful and I think my blog postings have shown that. As for the second claim, I know it can't be the only thing that is done to get women into the field but it sure helps to have supportive peers and role models to look up to. Obviously an interest must first be in the field and it would help to have those interests fostered at a young age but I believe it is also crucial to be able to see a female make it to the top as well.


Wajcman, J. (2004). Technofeminism. Malden, MA: Polity Press.

Girl gamers

I personally love video games and granted they are usually designed for a male audience that has never stopped me from playing them nor caring about their gender stereotypes in their design. This article on girl gamers by Dickey states, "There are many explanations why digital games have emerged as a predominately male pastime; however, despite the engendering of this pastime, increasingly more females are playing games. Likely, one reason for this influx is the emergence of ‘girl games’ while another may be that more females are playing games designed for a predominately male audience. In their review of gender and computer and video games, Cassell and Jenkins (1998) posit the question, ‘Do we encourage girls to beat boys at their own game, or do we construct a girls-only space?’ (p. 34). This is an interesting question and one that has relevance not only for game design but also for the design of learning environments." (788-789)

So I fall into the female playing games designed for males and not necessarily girl games. I do like some of the girl games like The Sims but I also enjoy fighting games as well such Soul Calibur (Ivy is my favorite character pictured above). I really like the question that Cassell and Jenkins asks on the reasoning behind girls playing and getting girls to play games. Well if you have girl gamers that like both the girl games and playing the male games then why not design both types of games? Who says there has to be a certain design? Couldn't you target both markets of girls in different manners? It just goes back to promoting that there is girl gamers and there might be even more girl gamers than there ever was especially if you look at shows like the WCG Ultimate Gamers contestants. Things like the Nintento Wii Fit is possibly also pushing females in more video games as well. So basically the answer to Cassell and Jenkins's question is yes and yes. You need to encourage girls for both sides of the coin.


Dickey, M.D. (2006). Girl gamers: the controversy of girl gamers and the relevance of female-oriented game design for instructional design. British Journal of Educational Technology, 37(5), 785-793.

More Teenage Female Bloggers?

In a study done by Huffaker and Calvert on teenage blogs their sampling found 121 female blogs and 64 male blogs.. that is a huge difference. Of course for the purposes of the study they had to randomize it to have a more equal selection for their analysis. What struck me about this study was the lack of gender differences found within their blogs. Both males and females disclosed quite a bit of personal information about themselves, they both used emoticons, both genders evenly discussed their relationship issues, and they each used aggressive and passive language roughly the same.

The teenagers seemed to do the opposite of what I discussed in the previous post as text as a mask. "In some CMC contexts, such as multi-user domains, anonymity and flexibility are common experiences... This is not the case, however, with teenage blogs. Blogs provide a space for self-expression, usually in the form of long, personal, and thoughtful entries ... The online presentations of teenagers demonstrate that blogs are an extension of the real world, rather than a place where people like to pretend." (15-16).

Two things I wanted to mention was that they found so many female teenage bloggers. If that is the case, where are all the females that should be entering into the IT field? Do they not consider blogging a part of technological skills? Maybe it is just considered to be a leisure activity like a journal entry. Do they need female role models to push them into that field and assure they that they are just as skilled? The second thing was the similarities in their styles of blogs. There were not many gender differences at all. Does this show a good sign for the future? Will gender differences in regards to technology die down and become a more even playing field because everyone will have those skills? It will sure be interesting to see how that plays out in the future.


Huffaker, D. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2005). Gender, identity, and language use in teen blogs. Journal of Computer-mediated Communiation, 10(2). http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue2/huffaker.html

Image taken from http://www.canadianfamily.ca/articles/article/teens-and-blogging/

Text as Mask

I'm going to post a section of Danet's "Text as mask: Gender, play, and performance on the internet" because I thought this portion of it was particularly intriguing to me.

"Because people can type in their pajamas in the middle of the night, it is easy for them to pretend to be someone else. According to Turkle (1995),
You can be whoever you want to be. You can completely redefine yourself if you want. You can be the opposite sex. You can be more talkative. You can be less talkative ... you can just be whoever you want, really.... You don't have to worry about the slots other people put you in as much. It's easier to change the way people perceive you, because all they've got is what you show them. They don't look at your body and make assumptions. They don't hear your accent and make assumptions. All they see are your words. (p. 184)
Although there are social and cultural constraints on individuals' behavior, for women in particular, this medium is potentially very liberating. Not only is appearance neutralized, but the software generally guarantees to those who type that they will be "heard" without having to compete for the floor." (136)

Is this a good thing or a bad one? Does hiding behind these text masks put our female role models in the shadows even more? Just because you have the ability to lie and be whoever you want doesn't mean it's always the best solution. It might be liberating on the sly but it's not really getting females any further along with the bigger issues of stereotyping and promoting females to enter into the IT field. I think it may be even conveying a negative image that the only way a female can succeed is to pretend to be male, which is utterly ridiculous and terrible. So I agree that Turkle is right that this happens in the online environment but not that is necessarily a good thing for females. I want to hear them scream I'm amazing and successful and female!


Danet, B. (1998). Text as mask: Gender, play, and performance on the internet. In S. G. Jones (Ed.), Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting computer-mediated communication and community (pp. 129-158). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Turing Award

"The A.M. Turing Award was named for Alan M. Turing, the British mathematician who articulated the mathematical foundation and limits of computing, and who was a key contributor to the Allied cryptanalysis of the German Enigma cipher during World War II. Since its inception in 1966, the Turing Award has honored the computer scientists and engineers who created the systems and underlying theoretical foundations that have propelled the information technology industry." (http://www.acm.org/awards/taward.html)

The 2008 Turing Award went to Barbara Liskov, who was the first woman to be awarded her PhD in Computer Science (she received her degree at Stanford University). She received the award for her innovations towards designing and creating computer systems that affect daily life. Her designs were also the foundation for many computer programming languages (http://usacm.acm.org/usacm/weblog/index.php?p=678). Barbara Liskov is only one out of two females to win this award-- the other being Frances Allen who won it in 2006. Two females is better than none... it's a start anyways and hence why they both need to be showcased as role models for our future youth. It is amazing to me though, how unheard of these females usually are. Before I took this class, I didn't know any of these names. You always hear of males achieving awards in technology but very rarely females and the case with this one is that only two females won this award but wouldn't that make it even more extraordinary? I would think so. It makes it even more of an achievement to be the first female to win the Turing Award.


Image taken from http://www.computerweekly.com/PhotoGalleries/235373/871_20_Ada-Lovelace-Day-Barbara-Liskov.jpg

Feministing

Feministing.com is a website that provides all sorts of information for women and allows people to comment on posts and creates an overall tight-knit community. Their mission statement is "Young women are rarely given the opportunity to speak on their own behalf on issues that affect their lives and futures. Feministing provides a platform for us to comment, analyze, influence and connect." I think this website was a great idea. Just the fact that it is a place for women to go and speak on issues important to them is an amazing thing.

The executive editor of the website is Jessica Valenti. She is a writer from New York and has accomplished tons. In 2007, she was also named IntELLEgentsia by Elle magazine. Check out the article here. I bring up her name because we mentioned her in class and I also think she is great role model because of her accomplishments and because of her attitude. If more females believed in themselves and weren't so worried about what others thought, then maybe a certain field like IT would have more even numbers of male and females... or maybe the females would even take over!


Image of Jessica taken from http://www.courier-journal.com/blogs/vel16/2008_01_01_archive.html

Talking Barbie

Mattel created in 1994 a Teen Talking Barbie that caused a lot of protest and controversy when it came out because this talking Barbie said, "Math is hard!" Oh silly Mattel, what were you thinking! This here is a perfect example of a non-role model for females. It basically is implying that girls don't do as well in math and especially Barbie finds it hard. In class we mentioned that Systers went up against Mattel for Talking Barbie and won the court case.

I came across this article which was part of a collection of essays written by college students at the University of Missouri. This student writes, "This was hardly the first qualm people had with the doll; Barbie has long been blamed for the ills of the teenage girl, but studies have show that during early and middle childhood--the time when most girls engage in play with Barbie dolls--girls are the most resilient" (Guthrie 24). Even though that may be true, does that make it okay to create these talking Barbies that say offensive things? I think not. Females have enough stereotypes to deal with without the rest of world creating even more products that reinforce them. We should be advocating dolls that say, "Girls can do anything!"

Aside: Interesting article on Fox News about the debate of Barbie being good or bad for young girls. http://origin2.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,504456,00.html. The image in this post was also taken from there.


Guthrie, J. (2004). Living in a Barbie world: today's little girls, tomorrow's independent (& slightly narcissistic) women. Sosland Journal. http://cas.umkc.edu/english/publications/sosland/2003-2004.soslandjournal.pdf#page=20

Friday, April 24, 2009

Women in Line Roles initiative

Image taken from Alcoa's career page.
Sylvia Ann Hewlett mentions an interesting approach that this company Alcoa does to help get women into higher level positions by offering temp jobs to provide them with the skills needed to be promoted. "Alcoa has targeted the issue of attracting more women into operating management roles. Through its Women in Line Roles initiative, the company is offering high-potential women who might be interested in production or technical roles the chance to try them out through temporary assignments and help staying on track through carefully crafted career development plans." (23). Is this Women in Line Roles initiative actually effective or could it possibly be doing the opposite by having them as temporary assignments? Is the fact that they are doing temporary assignments convey to others (especially male employees in those positions) that these assignments are of lesser value?

Another article on Pittsburgh Post-Gazette says that these innovations are helpful and provide a gateway for female engineers. The article lists many female success stories including Sona Avetisian who is working at Goldman Sachs and Ann Whitty the vice president and general manager for Alcoa's Rigid Packaging Division in Indiana who was behind the Women in Line Roles initiative 100%.
Image taken by Pam Panchak at the Post-Gazette


Gannon, J. (2008, June 20). A Gateway to Wall Street: Financial Services Firms Snapping Up Female Engineers. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08172/891286-28.stm

Hewlett, S. A., Luce, C. B., Servon, L. J. (2008). Stopping the exodus of women in science. Harvard Business Review. June, 22-24.

Women = breadwinners?

New York Times did a piece on the hard economic times and men vs. women. Women, as of November last year, held 49% of the job market and that 82% of the job losses were men. One of the reasons for this is the type of job market that each gender goes into (more stereotyping): construction and manufacturing jobs have had big cuts and those are usually male workers while more females are in healthcare and education which hasn't had as drastic of losses in comparison to the other side. So what does this say for the IT field? Will that cut down to even less women if there are job cuts in that market?

Also mentioned in the article is the role reversals that these situations are causing, men are now at home with the kids and women are becoming the breadwinners but at a lot less pay. It amazes me to hear the amount of strength it takes to support your family with only your earnings and no longer the household income you are used to. These women mentioned in this article are stepping up to the plate and saving their families. The world is filled with superwomen.


Rampell, C. (2009, February 5). As Layoffs Surge, Women May Pass Men in Job Force. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/06/business/06women.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&emc=eta1

Every IT woman needs a peer network

Gail Farnsley wrote this article on Computer World online titled "Every IT woman needs a peer network: Here's Why" discussing the importance of peer networking for females in IT. She covers four different types of groups: formal, informal, affinity (common interest), and one-on-one mentoring. I think this article precisely nails down on the theme of my blog--role models are key!

Gail Farnsley is currently a visiting professor at Purdue University and was the vice president of IT and CIO at Cummins Inc. She was also named one of Computerworld's Premier 100 IT Leaders for 2008. She is the perfect role model for females just starting out in the IT profession. She made it to the top and therefore, so can you too. At the end of her article she states, "My advice as a former CIO is simple: Seek out groups, and if you don't find one you like, start one of your own. Being part of a peer networking group might be the best career move you ever make." I completely agree with you, Gail.

Read the article for youself here!

Some questions to ponder.... Gail Farnsley mentions in her article that her best mentor was actually a male. Is this unusual when you think about your mentors? Does gender matter or do you just need the support and advice of an individual? When I think about my mentors, they did all happen to be female... I don't know if that was necessarily on purpose or if I subconsciously felt better have a female mentor or maybe I just didn't know any smart enough males at the time. :)


Image taken from http://www.krannert.purdue.edu/events/exec_forum/biographies/Spring2006/farnsley.asp.

Thursday, April 23, 2009

Ultimate Gamer


The WCG Ultimate Gamer show on the SciFi channel has 12 top gamers from around the United States living together and competing to be the best gamer in the United States. There are actually 5 gamers that are female so almost half, which is not bad at all considering there's always so much talk of this being a male-dominated field. Maybe this relates back to the previous post on passion. There's Chelsea, who "wants to show the world that girls can game too," Amy, the co-founder of an all female gaming group called the PMS Clan, Alyson, who states that "gamers underestimate her because of her looks," Kelly, the only female member of the vVv gaming clan, and Ciji, who covers herself with tattoos of her favorite games.

Check out the website http://us.wcg.com/wcgultimategamer

Alyson's quote brought up a very good point... all of these gamers are very pretty... does that mean they will get underestimated? Why can't a female be pretty and be a video game addict? Would the standard still go the other way for a hot male playing a video game? Probably not. No one would even mention that the guy shouldn't be a gamer because it's too handsome. We also brought up a good point in class when we talked about this show. Whether or not this promotes females as gamers or just draws bad attention to them. I personally think it is promoting females as gamers and these girls could even be considered role models of sorts because they are making statements telling the world that girls can be gamers too. I think that gives an excellent message. It will be interesting to see who wins the show--male or female.


Image taken from http://fidgit.com/archives/2009/04/wcg_ultimate_gamer_contestants_1.php

Wednesday, April 22, 2009

Passion

Mia Consalvo wrote an article titled "Crunched by Passion: Women game developers and workplace challenges." She discusses the pros and cons of being a game developers and why so many women drop out of that field--it mostly has to do with the hours and 'crunch time' work weeks. She came to the conclusion though that "what keeps individuals working under such conditions, most of the women I interviewed used one word-- passion...it is passion for games that leads people into the industry, and passion that keeps them going through long days, little time off, and relatively low pay." (185).

Is passion enough? Will this keep the profession always male-dominated?

Also mentioned in this article is a group called the Women in Game Development Special Interest Group aka WiGD and the author mentions that their email list has up to fifty posts per day (181). The mention of this group sparked my curiosity and I found their website: IGDA Women in Games. The website is actually pretty amazing and provides lot of support for women interested in games. The homepage highlights the latest news of women in games and there is also a link to sign up for your very own mentor. I wonder how many people sign up for a mentor and wonder how popular this website is. The general idea behind it is very amazing.


Consalve, M. (2008). Crunched by passion: Women game developers and workplace challenges. In Y.B. Kafai, C. Heeter, J. Denner & J.Y. Sun (Eds.), Beyond Barbie and Mortal Kombat: New perspectives on gender and gaming (pp. 176-191). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Image from the IGDA Women in Games website.

Embloggery

A fellow classmate mentioned the other day in class, a friend that has combined embroidery and blogging and named it "Embloggery." I thought this sounded really amazing and highlights Minahan's focus on the combination of knitting (in this case embroidery) and technology. When I searched for her I found an article on Craftzine.com showcasing her blog. Here is the link for that article. Her name is Nicole and she describes her project as: "Embloggery is a blog in which each post is hand-embroidered, freehand, with no prior planning or sketching. If you mouse over the images you will discover links hidden within the text which point to clues as to the post's meaning -- or sometimes completely change it. I revel in making each post a puzzle." This was taken right from her blog under About this project.

Check out her really interesting blog here: Embloggery

I'm using Nicole as one of my blog entries because I think this is exactly what the world needs... more females using technology to be creative and promote a positive image of gender and technology. If I had the ability to embroider and then connect it with blogging and attaching links to the images.... well I probably would have never thought of that but I'm glad someone has. I wonder if there are more and more females like Nicole coming up with creative connections between crafts and technology then will the number of females in technology eventually even out to the number of males? Anyone psychic? I would love to know this answer.


The image was taken from Nicole's March 3, 2009 blog post and is showing all the embloggeries she has done so far. Wow!

Stitch'nBitch

This past week, my class discussed cyberfeminism and one article we read titled "Stitch'nBitch: Cyberfeminism, a third place, and the new materiality" talked about the connections between knitting and technology. Here are two examples from the article:

"One approach to the combination of knitting and technology has been
taken by Jaya Srikrishnan, a knitting designer and a Palm Pilot fan. She
uses the Palm Pilot for a variety of tasks associated with her craft, including
sizing, databases of projects and patterns, and designing using the
grid on spreadsheets... Another example concerns two young women who
responded, independently, to calls from Vogue Knitting wishing to contact
Australian knitters. One of the women is an IT professional, a programmer,
the other an instructor in knitting. Their meeting with the Vogue
editor led to the women collaborating on the development of an online
hand knitting and yarn cyber shop called OzYarn" (Minahan 8).

So are these females using their craft to take control of the Internet and make it a more positive image for females in the IT profession or are they making it worse? The website for Stitch'nBitch has forums, groups, and allows one to post photos and videos. Check it out here. It would seem that they these females are expanding a traditional craft into a global phenomenon by making use of the technology available. So are these females that are knitters and professionals in the IT field promoting feminity into the IT field? I think they might be. As this blog has been focused on role models... females only need one role model to follow in their footsteps and with the success of such organizations as Stitch'nBitch I would say they are doing a pretty good job maintaining that goal.


Minahan, S., & Cox, J.W. (2007). Stitch'nBitch: Cyberfeminism, a third place, and the new materiality. Journal of Material Culture, 12, 5-21.

Saturday, April 18, 2009

Women afraid to ask for raises?

Hannah Seligson wrote an article for the New York Times titled "Girl Power at school, but not at the office." She is a freelance journalist and is the author of New Girl on the Job: Advice From the Trenches. The article in sum is about the drastic shock that females face when they begin work and the contrast between that treatment and the treatment at school. Go here to read the full article. One particular point that I thought was very interesting was her discussion of salary:

"Young women also need to learn how to speak salary, a language that many men already seem to know. Coming into the work force, I thought that, just as my professor had given me the grade I deserved on my political science midterm, my company would pay me what I “deserved.”

She later approaches a male colleague and asks him about how he tries to get a raise and the person just replied, “When I want a raise, I just ask for it. And even if they say no, I’ll keep asking for it.”

Now this was very intriguing to me because I thought this would be common sense. If I, personally, wanted a raise I too would just ask for it and be persistent about it but I guess that quality might be lacking in a lot of the females entering the workforce. I wonder if that has to do with them being in a male-dominated career and if they feel like they're not up to par. Why is it so hard for women to approach salary and get themselves the pay they deserve? I'd imagine Hannah's book has some really useful advice. Hannah is definitely being a helpful peer and role model for all of those females that have experienced any qualms about entering the workforce and dealing with their male counterparts.


Seligson, H. (2008, August 31). Girl power at school, but not at the office. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/31/jobs/31pre.html?pagewanted=2&_r=2&sq=girl%20power&st=cse&scp=1

What is gender?

Ina Fried works for CNET news and has covered things from the Pirates of Silicon Valley to Microsoft. She has changed genders from male to female and wrote this article on Wikipedia's issues with her gender. They are always having debates on what pronouns to use for her. (And see I automatically use 'her' because in my opinion any transgenders individual deserves to be what they feel they are and if they put the energy into changing genders then they deserve the newly earned pronoun to match how they feel).

Check out this article here: http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10023156-56.html

In the Wikipedia entry Ina Fried is listed with both pronouns. 'He' is used in her professional bio and 'she' is used in her personal section. Which leads to an interesting question... do transgenders individuals only get to switch their gender within their personal lives? In their professional lives are they supposed to conform to the norm and not be themselves? What do you do when you run into the issues of pronouns? Is it an issue? Do you feel as I said earlier that they should be called what they feel they are? I am mentioning Ina on here because I consider her a women in technology and respectively, a role model. Given that her role in technology probably became even harder as a transgenders individual she deserves even more of highlight and admiration sent her way.


Fried, I. (2008, August 22). Wikipedia changes my gender more than I do. CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10023156-56.html
 
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