J. Cooper, from Princeton, wrote an article on the digital divide regarding gender differences and one particular study looked at learning groups of children and whether social context mattered with gender. He says, "The answer seems to be that, for the girls, having boys present has the effect of increasing computer anxiety and decreasing learning. Light et al. (2000) had boys and girls work with a mildly competitive problem-solving game in which the players’ task was to reach a geographical location without being captured by monsters. The children worked in groups of two, either same-sex or opposite sex dyads. Light et al. (2000) found that, overall, boys performed better than girls in this game. However, in same-sex dyads, the difference in performance was small. In mixed-sex dyads, the difference was enhanced. Boys’ performance was markedly improved relative to their performance in the same-sex group, while girls’ performance showed significant decrements." (324).
I want to highlight the part about the children doing better with the same-sex groups. The girls obviously had less anxiety in a dynamic such as that and had their peer's support to do well. Even at such a young age, you can see the importance of role models and peer support for girls with computers and technology. I thought this article was a nice ending for my blog due to my overall focus on role models and I love how there was a study that touched upon the confirmation of that. So essentially go back and take Gail Farnsley's advice and form some sort of peer network. Then just be amazing!
Cooper, J. (2006). The digital divide: The special case of gender. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(5), 320-334.
Saturday, April 25, 2009
Technofeminism
Judy Wajcman is an Associate Fellow of the Industrial Relations Research Unit, University of Warwick Business School and wrote a book titled Technofeminism. The book is described as "fus[ing] the visionary insights of cyberfeminism with a materialist analysis of the sexual politics of technology. Drawing on new perspectives in postmodernism, feminist theory and science and technology studies, Judy Wajcman explores the ways in which technologies are gendered both in their design and use. At the same time, she shows how our very subjectivity is shaped by the technoscientific culture of the world we inhabit." (http://www.uoc.edu/uocpapers/5/dt/eng/wajcman.html)
She discusses that in order for women to enter the world of technology, they have to let go of their femininity in order to be successful in a masculine world. She also states that having role models in science isn't enough to fix the problem of the lack of females entering into the science and technology fields. Now I don't know if I fully agree with either of these statements. I definitely don't believe you have to let go of your feminine side to be successful and I think my blog postings have shown that. As for the second claim, I know it can't be the only thing that is done to get women into the field but it sure helps to have supportive peers and role models to look up to. Obviously an interest must first be in the field and it would help to have those interests fostered at a young age but I believe it is also crucial to be able to see a female make it to the top as well.
Wajcman, J. (2004). Technofeminism. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
She discusses that in order for women to enter the world of technology, they have to let go of their femininity in order to be successful in a masculine world. She also states that having role models in science isn't enough to fix the problem of the lack of females entering into the science and technology fields. Now I don't know if I fully agree with either of these statements. I definitely don't believe you have to let go of your feminine side to be successful and I think my blog postings have shown that. As for the second claim, I know it can't be the only thing that is done to get women into the field but it sure helps to have supportive peers and role models to look up to. Obviously an interest must first be in the field and it would help to have those interests fostered at a young age but I believe it is also crucial to be able to see a female make it to the top as well.
Wajcman, J. (2004). Technofeminism. Malden, MA: Polity Press.
Girl gamers
I personally love video games and granted they are usually designed for a male audience that has never stopped me from playing them nor caring about their gender stereotypes in their design. This article on girl gamers by Dickey states, "There are many explanations why digital games have emerged as a predominately male pastime; however, despite the engendering of this pastime, increasingly more females are playing games. Likely, one reason for this influx is the emergence of ‘girl games’ while another may be that more females are playing games designed for a predominately male audience. In their review of gender and computer and video games, Cassell and Jenkins (1998) posit the question, ‘Do we encourage girls to beat boys at their own game, or do we construct a girls-only space?’ (p. 34). This is an interesting question and one that has relevance not only for game design but also for the design of learning environments." (788-789)
So I fall into the female playing games designed for males and not necessarily girl games. I do like some of the girl games like The Sims but I also enjoy fighting games as well such Soul Calibur (Ivy is my favorite character pictured above). I really like the question that Cassell and Jenkins asks on the reasoning behind girls playing and getting girls to play games. Well if you have girl gamers that like both the girl games and playing the male games then why not design both types of games? Who says there has to be a certain design? Couldn't you target both markets of girls in different manners? It just goes back to promoting that there is girl gamers and there might be even more girl gamers than there ever was especially if you look at shows like the WCG Ultimate Gamers contestants. Things like the Nintento Wii Fit is possibly also pushing females in more video games as well. So basically the answer to Cassell and Jenkins's question is yes and yes. You need to encourage girls for both sides of the coin.
Dickey, M.D. (2006). Girl gamers: the controversy of girl gamers and the relevance of female-oriented game design for instructional design. British Journal of Educational Technology, 37(5), 785-793.
So I fall into the female playing games designed for males and not necessarily girl games. I do like some of the girl games like The Sims but I also enjoy fighting games as well such Soul Calibur (Ivy is my favorite character pictured above). I really like the question that Cassell and Jenkins asks on the reasoning behind girls playing and getting girls to play games. Well if you have girl gamers that like both the girl games and playing the male games then why not design both types of games? Who says there has to be a certain design? Couldn't you target both markets of girls in different manners? It just goes back to promoting that there is girl gamers and there might be even more girl gamers than there ever was especially if you look at shows like the WCG Ultimate Gamers contestants. Things like the Nintento Wii Fit is possibly also pushing females in more video games as well. So basically the answer to Cassell and Jenkins's question is yes and yes. You need to encourage girls for both sides of the coin.
Dickey, M.D. (2006). Girl gamers: the controversy of girl gamers and the relevance of female-oriented game design for instructional design. British Journal of Educational Technology, 37(5), 785-793.
More Teenage Female Bloggers?
In a study done by Huffaker and Calvert on teenage blogs their sampling found 121 female blogs and 64 male blogs.. that is a huge difference. Of course for the purposes of the study they had to randomize it to have a more equal selection for their analysis. What struck me about this study was the lack of gender differences found within their blogs. Both males and females disclosed quite a bit of personal information about themselves, they both used emoticons, both genders evenly discussed their relationship issues, and they each used aggressive and passive language roughly the same.
The teenagers seemed to do the opposite of what I discussed in the previous post as text as a mask. "In some CMC contexts, such as multi-user domains, anonymity and flexibility are common experiences... This is not the case, however, with teenage blogs. Blogs provide a space for self-expression, usually in the form of long, personal, and thoughtful entries ... The online presentations of teenagers demonstrate that blogs are an extension of the real world, rather than a place where people like to pretend." (15-16).
Two things I wanted to mention was that they found so many female teenage bloggers. If that is the case, where are all the females that should be entering into the IT field? Do they not consider blogging a part of technological skills? Maybe it is just considered to be a leisure activity like a journal entry. Do they need female role models to push them into that field and assure they that they are just as skilled? The second thing was the similarities in their styles of blogs. There were not many gender differences at all. Does this show a good sign for the future? Will gender differences in regards to technology die down and become a more even playing field because everyone will have those skills? It will sure be interesting to see how that plays out in the future.
Huffaker, D. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2005). Gender, identity, and language use in teen blogs. Journal of Computer-mediated Communiation, 10(2). http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue2/huffaker.html
Image taken from http://www.canadianfamily.ca/articles/article/teens-and-blogging/
The teenagers seemed to do the opposite of what I discussed in the previous post as text as a mask. "In some CMC contexts, such as multi-user domains, anonymity and flexibility are common experiences... This is not the case, however, with teenage blogs. Blogs provide a space for self-expression, usually in the form of long, personal, and thoughtful entries ... The online presentations of teenagers demonstrate that blogs are an extension of the real world, rather than a place where people like to pretend." (15-16).
Two things I wanted to mention was that they found so many female teenage bloggers. If that is the case, where are all the females that should be entering into the IT field? Do they not consider blogging a part of technological skills? Maybe it is just considered to be a leisure activity like a journal entry. Do they need female role models to push them into that field and assure they that they are just as skilled? The second thing was the similarities in their styles of blogs. There were not many gender differences at all. Does this show a good sign for the future? Will gender differences in regards to technology die down and become a more even playing field because everyone will have those skills? It will sure be interesting to see how that plays out in the future.
Huffaker, D. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2005). Gender, identity, and language use in teen blogs. Journal of Computer-mediated Communiation, 10(2). http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue2/huffaker.html
Image taken from http://www.canadianfamily.ca/articles/article/teens-and-blogging/
Text as Mask
I'm going to post a section of Danet's "Text as mask: Gender, play, and performance on the internet" because I thought this portion of it was particularly intriguing to me.
"Because people can type in their pajamas in the middle of the night, it is easy for them to pretend to be someone else. According to Turkle (1995),
You can be whoever you want to be. You can completely redefine yourself if you want. You can be the opposite sex. You can be more talkative. You can be less talkative ... you can just be whoever you want, really.... You don't have to worry about the slots other people put you in as much. It's easier to change the way people perceive you, because all they've got is what you show them. They don't look at your body and make assumptions. They don't hear your accent and make assumptions. All they see are your words. (p. 184)
Although there are social and cultural constraints on individuals' behavior, for women in particular, this medium is potentially very liberating. Not only is appearance neutralized, but the software generally guarantees to those who type that they will be "heard" without having to compete for the floor." (136)
Is this a good thing or a bad one? Does hiding behind these text masks put our female role models in the shadows even more? Just because you have the ability to lie and be whoever you want doesn't mean it's always the best solution. It might be liberating on the sly but it's not really getting females any further along with the bigger issues of stereotyping and promoting females to enter into the IT field. I think it may be even conveying a negative image that the only way a female can succeed is to pretend to be male, which is utterly ridiculous and terrible. So I agree that Turkle is right that this happens in the online environment but not that is necessarily a good thing for females. I want to hear them scream I'm amazing and successful and female!
Danet, B. (1998). Text as mask: Gender, play, and performance on the internet. In S. G. Jones (Ed.), Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting computer-mediated communication and community (pp. 129-158). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
"Because people can type in their pajamas in the middle of the night, it is easy for them to pretend to be someone else. According to Turkle (1995),
You can be whoever you want to be. You can completely redefine yourself if you want. You can be the opposite sex. You can be more talkative. You can be less talkative ... you can just be whoever you want, really.... You don't have to worry about the slots other people put you in as much. It's easier to change the way people perceive you, because all they've got is what you show them. They don't look at your body and make assumptions. They don't hear your accent and make assumptions. All they see are your words. (p. 184)
Although there are social and cultural constraints on individuals' behavior, for women in particular, this medium is potentially very liberating. Not only is appearance neutralized, but the software generally guarantees to those who type that they will be "heard" without having to compete for the floor." (136)
Is this a good thing or a bad one? Does hiding behind these text masks put our female role models in the shadows even more? Just because you have the ability to lie and be whoever you want doesn't mean it's always the best solution. It might be liberating on the sly but it's not really getting females any further along with the bigger issues of stereotyping and promoting females to enter into the IT field. I think it may be even conveying a negative image that the only way a female can succeed is to pretend to be male, which is utterly ridiculous and terrible. So I agree that Turkle is right that this happens in the online environment but not that is necessarily a good thing for females. I want to hear them scream I'm amazing and successful and female!
Danet, B. (1998). Text as mask: Gender, play, and performance on the internet. In S. G. Jones (Ed.), Cybersociety 2.0: Revisiting computer-mediated communication and community (pp. 129-158). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Turing Award
"The A.M. Turing Award was named for Alan M. Turing, the British mathematician who articulated the mathematical foundation and limits of computing, and who was a key contributor to the Allied cryptanalysis of the German Enigma cipher during World War II. Since its inception in 1966, the Turing Award has honored the computer scientists and engineers who created the systems and underlying theoretical foundations that have propelled the information technology industry." (http://www.acm.org/awards/taward.html)
The 2008 Turing Award went to Barbara Liskov, who was the first woman to be awarded her PhD in Computer Science (she received her degree at Stanford University). She received the award for her innovations towards designing and creating computer systems that affect daily life. Her designs were also the foundation for many computer programming languages (http://usacm.acm.org/usacm/weblog/index.php?p=678). Barbara Liskov is only one out of two females to win this award-- the other being Frances Allen who won it in 2006. Two females is better than none... it's a start anyways and hence why they both need to be showcased as role models for our future youth. It is amazing to me though, how unheard of these females usually are. Before I took this class, I didn't know any of these names. You always hear of males achieving awards in technology but very rarely females and the case with this one is that only two females won this award but wouldn't that make it even more extraordinary? I would think so. It makes it even more of an achievement to be the first female to win the Turing Award.
Image taken from http://www.computerweekly.com/PhotoGalleries/235373/871_20_Ada-Lovelace-Day-Barbara-Liskov.jpg
The 2008 Turing Award went to Barbara Liskov, who was the first woman to be awarded her PhD in Computer Science (she received her degree at Stanford University). She received the award for her innovations towards designing and creating computer systems that affect daily life. Her designs were also the foundation for many computer programming languages (http://usacm.acm.org/usacm/weblog/index.php?p=678). Barbara Liskov is only one out of two females to win this award-- the other being Frances Allen who won it in 2006. Two females is better than none... it's a start anyways and hence why they both need to be showcased as role models for our future youth. It is amazing to me though, how unheard of these females usually are. Before I took this class, I didn't know any of these names. You always hear of males achieving awards in technology but very rarely females and the case with this one is that only two females won this award but wouldn't that make it even more extraordinary? I would think so. It makes it even more of an achievement to be the first female to win the Turing Award.
Image taken from http://www.computerweekly.com/PhotoGalleries/235373/871_20_Ada-Lovelace-Day-Barbara-Liskov.jpg
Feministing
Feministing.com is a website that provides all sorts of information for women and allows people to comment on posts and creates an overall tight-knit community. Their mission statement is "Young women are rarely given the opportunity to speak on their own behalf on issues that affect their lives and futures. Feministing provides a platform for us to comment, analyze, influence and connect." I think this website was a great idea. Just the fact that it is a place for women to go and speak on issues important to them is an amazing thing.
The executive editor of the website is Jessica Valenti. She is a writer from New York and has accomplished tons. In 2007, she was also named IntELLEgentsia by Elle magazine. Check out the article here. I bring up her name because we mentioned her in class and I also think she is great role model because of her accomplishments and because of her attitude. If more females believed in themselves and weren't so worried about what others thought, then maybe a certain field like IT would have more even numbers of male and females... or maybe the females would even take over!
Image of Jessica taken from http://www.courier-journal.com/blogs/vel16/2008_01_01_archive.html
The executive editor of the website is Jessica Valenti. She is a writer from New York and has accomplished tons. In 2007, she was also named IntELLEgentsia by Elle magazine. Check out the article here. I bring up her name because we mentioned her in class and I also think she is great role model because of her accomplishments and because of her attitude. If more females believed in themselves and weren't so worried about what others thought, then maybe a certain field like IT would have more even numbers of male and females... or maybe the females would even take over!
Image of Jessica taken from http://www.courier-journal.com/blogs/vel16/2008_01_01_archive.html
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